Speech-language pathologists' clinical decision making and consideration of eligibility for services rely on quality evidence, including information about consonant acquisition (developmental norms). b The two cohorts were combined (537 primary users of African American English and 317 primary users of Mainstream American English) because "AAEand MAE-speaking children showed equivalent pronunciation of most MAE singleton consonants…" (Pearson et al., 2009, pp. (2009) In this sample "children were from homes where English was the primary language spoken" (Fudala, 2000, p. Fudala (2000) Assessment Arizona-3 East, South, Midwest, West 5,515 Mixed a 1 6-18 11 90% C, CC, V 8. Bankson & Bernthal (1990) Assessment BBTOP Northeast, North Central, South, West 1,070 -3 0-9 11 50%, 75%, 90% C, CC 6. Additional criteria were applied to assessments, which were required to be articulation and/or phonological assessments for children (as described in the examiners' manual), have been created/normed in the (1957) Article Article -WA 147 Mono 1 11-4 0 50%, 75%, 90% C 4. Titles and abstracts of articles and assessment manuals were reviewed to determine whether they described English consonant acquisition of children in the United States presented research data described typical speech and language development were published as a journal article, book chapter, or test/assessment described 10 or more participants and described the consonant repertoire of English. By contrast, word-final cluster mismatches were not consistent with the SSP, while the voicing generalization seen in adult speakers of AAE was evident.Ĭulturally and linguistically appropriate assessment of phonological development in children who speak AAE requires an understanding of the contrastive and noncontrastive features exemplified in their consonant cluster productions. Word-initial cluster mismatches were consistent with markedness theory and the sonority sequencing principle (SSP). However, word-initial cluster substitutions were significantly more common than word-initial clusters produced as singletons. Word-final clusters produced as singletons were significantly more common than word-final cluster substitutions. Percentage matching scores were significantly higher for word-initial than word-final clusters. Each cluster attempt was analyzed for its similarity with MAE. The participants' responses were transcribed using a consensus transcription procedure. Most two-element clusters of English were sampled, the majority in two or more words. Twenty-two children (ages 2 10-5 4 ) labeled pictures whose names contained at least one consonant cluster in word-initial and/or word-final position. watchstrap /tʃ.The aim of this study was to compare word-initial and word-final consonant cluster productions in young children who speak African American English (AAE) and compare their productions to what we know about cluster productions in children who speak Mainstream American English (MAE), in order to minimize misdiagnosis of speech sound disorders.In these cases they will be in different syllables. screw split spring strange street stream Įnglish words can have four or even five consonants in the middle of a word.See Decoding the letter Y.Įnglish words can have up to three consonants at the beginning of a word: For example system /ˈsɪstəm/ begins with only one consonant and not 4, because "y" is a vowel in this case. Note: Don’t confuse consonant sounds with consonant letters.
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